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Baccharis megapotamica |
Baccharis pilularis |
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Baccharis pilularis |
Baccharis salicifolia |
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Baccharis sarothroides
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Baccharis sarothroides Kupchan isolated flavinoids, centauredin and 3',5,7, trihodroxy-3,4', dimethoxyflavone, based on activity in KB (Hartwell 1976). Bergmann F., B. Yagen and B. B. Jarvis. 1992. The toxicity of macrocyclic trichothecenes administered directly into the rat brain. Toxicon: 30(10):1291–1294. “The tested macrocyclic trichothecenes are produced by Myrothecium fungi and by the plant Baccharis megapotamica. The toxicity of five macrocyclic trichothecenes has been measured by intracerebral and subcutaneous injection into rats. It is assumed that the toxic effects are based on inhibition of protein synthesis. Intoxication of rats by these compounds finds expression in slowly progressing respiratory depression and paralysis of skeletal muscles. The macrocyclics are derived from verrucarol, which lacks ring D and exhibits only low toxicity. The high toxicity of the macrocyclics, established by intracerebral and subcutaneous applications, may thus be attributed to the presence of the large ring. ” Fullas F., R. A. Hussain, H. B. Chai, J. M. Pezzuto, D. D. Soejarto and A. D. Kinghorn. 1994. Cytotoxic constituents of Baccharis gaudichaudiana. J. Nat. Prod. 57(6): 801–807. “Three new labdane diterpenes, gaudichaudols A-C [1-3], a new clerodane diterpenoid, gaudichaudone [4], and the known clerodane, articulin acetate [5] have been isolated from the aerial parts of Baccharis gaudichaudiana, together with the known compounds, apigenin, hispidulin, spathulenol, and ursolic acid. Through the application of 1D- and 2D nmr spectroscopy, the structures of the new diterpenoids [1-4] were, in turn; elucidated as 15,16,18,19-tetrahydroxylabd-5-ene, 15-O-acetyl-16,18,19-trihydroxylabd-5-ene, 16-O-p-trans-coumaroyl-15,18,19-trihydroxylabd-5-ene, and 2 beta-hydroxy-15,16-epoxycleroda-1(10),15,16-trien-18,19-olide++ +. The isolated compounds were evaluated in P-388 lymphocytic leukemia cells as well as a battery of human cancer cell lines. Among the diterpenoids, gaudichaudol C [3], gaudichaudone [4], and articulin acetate [5] exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against certain cancer cells.” Gene R. M., C. Cartana, T. Adzet, E. Marin, T. Parella and S. Canigueral. 1996. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of Baccharis trimera: identification of its active constituents. Planta Med. 62(3): 232–235. “The butanolic fraction (BT-II) derived from the aqueous crude extract was prepared from aerial parts of Baccharis trimera and assessed in anti-inflammatory, analgesia, and ulcerogenesis models. Intraperitoneal pretreatment with lyophilized BT-II, at doses ranging from 40 to 100 mg/kg, markedly inhibited carrageenan- and dextran-induced inflammation (70.4-90.8% and 25.7-71.3%, respectively) and weakly decreased C16-paf- and arachidonic acid-induced swelling (24.9-36.7% and 0-30.6%, respectively). No effect was observed, at the same doses, on zymosan-induced edema. The intraperitoneal examination indicates that the anti-phlogistic action of BT-II was not due to an irritating effect at the injection site. Besides, BT-II reduced abdominal constrictions in mice following injection of acetic acid: at 50 mg/kg, it gave 67.4% inhibition and, at 100 mg/kg, 95.1%. The ulcerogenic assay showed that the incidence of ulcers after BT-II i.p. treatment was 2/6 at 50 mg/kg and 6/6 at 100 mg/kg. Ulcerogenic indices were 1.3 +/- 0.5 and 2.7 +/- 0.8, respectively. These results indicate that B. trimera shows strong anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties which seem to be due, at least partly, to the inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis. The chromatographic separation of BT-II monitored by bio-assay (carrageenan-induced edema test in mice) was carried out. The active constituents were found to be mainly saponins in which echinocystic acid (or its enantiomer) is the major aglycone, and also rutin.” Herz W., A. M. Pilotti, A. C. Soderholm, I. K. Shuhama and W. Vichnewski. 1977. New ent-clerodane-type diterpenoids from Baccharis trimera. J. Org. Chem. 42(24): 3913–3917 Jarvis B. B., S. Wang, C. Cox, M. M. Rao, V. Philip, M. S. Varaschin and C. S. Barros. 1996. Brazilian Baccharis toxins: livestock poisoning and the isolation of macrocyclic trichothecene glucosides. Nat. Toxins 4(2): 58–71. “Samples of the toxic Brazilian plant, Baccharis coridifolia, which is responsible for numerous cases of livestock poisoning in southern Brazil and Argentina, were collected during the growing season, and the toxicities in calves of the plant materials were correlated with the levels of macrocyclic trichothecenes present. Female plants in flower were considerably more toxic than male plants or plants not in flower. Plants not in flower were of intermediate toxicity. The female plants in flower typically contained 5-10 times the levels of toxins as were found in the male plants. In addition, six new glucosides of the macrocyclic trichothecenes were isolated and characterized. The most prominent glucosides, those of roridins A and E, were found in high levels in the female plants.” Jarvis B. B., J. O. Midiwo, G. A. Bean, M. B. Aboul-Nasr and C. S. Barros. 1988. The mystery of trichothecene antibiotics in Baccharis species. J. Nat. Prod. 51(4): 736–744. “The Brazilian higher plant Baccharis coridifolia has been shown to synthesize de novo a series of highly toxic macrocyclic trichothecene antibiotics heretofore found to be produced only by fungi. These compounds are produced only by female plants that have undergone pollination. Neither the male nor female plant is sensitive to the toxic effects of trichothecenes, whereas North American Baccharis species are. The macrocyclic trichothecenes found in B. coridifolia are the same as those produced by Myrothecium fungi, and it is suggested that the plant has acquired the toxin-producing genes from this fungus. Kupchan S. M., D. R. Streelman, B. B. Jarvis, R. G. Dailey Jr and A. T. Sneden. 1977. Isolation of potent new antileukemic trichothecenes from Baccharis megapotamica. J. Org. Chem. 42(26): 4221–4225. Mirocha C.J., H. K. Abbas, T. Kommedahl and B. B. Jarvis. 1989. Mycotoxin production by Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium sporotrichioides isolated from Baccharis spp. from Brazil. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55(1): 254–255. “Fusarium oxysporum isolated from roots of and soil around Baccharis species from Brazil produced the trichothecenes T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, and 3'-OH T-2 (TC-1), whereas Fusarium sporotrichioides from the same source produced T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, acetyl T-2, neosolaniol, TC-1, 3'-OH HT-2 (TC-3), iso-T-2, T-2 triol, T-2 tetraol, and the nontrichothecenes moniliformin and fusarin C. Several unknown toxins were found but not identified. Not found were macrocyclic trichothecenes, zearalenone, wortmannin, and fusarochromanone (TDP-1).” Mirocha C.J., H. K. Abbas, L. Treeful and G. Bean. 1988. T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol metabolism by Baccharis spp. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54(9): 2277–2280. “Hybrids resulting from crosses between Baccharis sarothroides and B. pilularis (FS1), B. sarothroides (FS2) and B. megapotamica (FS3) were tested for their tolerance to trichothecenes as well as their ability to metabolize the toxins. B. sarothroides (desert broom) was placed in an aqueous solution containing 500 ppm of T-2 toxin and showed visible signs of toxicity on the twigs at 21 h after exposure but not at 6 h, indicating some resistance. Samples of the twigs harvested 6 and 21 h after treatment contained, respectively, T-2 (0.03 and 2.2 micrograms/g), HT-2 (0.09 and 7.6 micrograms/g), and T-2-tetraol (2.1 and 2.6 micrograms/g). The hybrid FS1 showed no signs of toxicity 6 h after treatment, and its twigs contained T-2 (0.8 micrograms/g), HT-2 (10.2 micrograms/g), and T-2-tetraol (10.8 micrograms/g). The leaves at 6 h contained 0.5 micrograms of T-2, 1.7 micrograms of HT-2, 0.01 microgram of 3'-hydroxy-HT-2, and 41 micrograms of T-2-tetraol per g. At 21 h, toxic signs were apparent and the twigs contained T-2 (39 micrograms/g), HT-2 (62 micrograms/g), 3'-hydroxy-HT-2 (0.8 microgram/g), and T-2-tetraol (22 micrograms/g)....” Rahalison L, M. Benathan, M. Monod, E. Frenk, M. P. Gupta, P. N. Solis, N. Fuzzati and K. Hostettmann. 1995. Antifungal principles of Baccharis pedunculata. Planta Med. 61(4): 360–362. “Four compounds including a flavone, an acetylenic lactone, a prenylated coumarin, and a 3-methyl ether flavone were isolated from the dichloromethane leaf extract of Baccharis pedunculata (Mill.) Cabr. (Asteraceae). The latter three compounds were identified to be responsible for the antifungal activity against some human pathogenic and phytopathogenic fungi. The most active compound, lachnophyllum lactone, an acetylenic lactone, showed a very high toxicity (LD50 2 micrograms/ml) against human keratinocytes.” |
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